Electron donor capacity of reducing dissolved organic matter from crop residue decomposition as probed by chronoamperometry

Reducing dissolved organic matters (RDOMs) from the anaerobic decomposition of crop residue can greatly affect the physicochemical and biological properties of soils. Electrochemical methods that can effectively protect them from oxidation and rapidly obtain results, such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), have been applied to qualitatively analyzing properties of RDOMs. However, the donated amount of electrons from RDOMs as a capacity factor may be more crucial for evaluating their important roles. For the first time, matured chronoamperometry (CA) was applied to quantitatively determining the electron donor capacities of RDOMs in crop residue management. The electron donor capacities of RDOMs from green manure were much higher than those from rice straw, which indicated that the former had greater effect on the redox status and reactions of soil. Chronoamperometry was proposed as a practical and effective method to quantitatively characterize RDOMs from residue decomposition.     

高氯离子味精尾母液废水厌氧处理研究

味精尾母液废水COD浓度极高同时含有大最氯离子.采用UASB反应器对味精尾母液废水进行处理,其中接种污泥来自啤酒厂UASB反应器.实验表明:当氯离子浓度在4 500 mg/L以下时,对厌氧微生物没有明礁的抑制作用;5 000 mg/L的氯离子浓度可以看作一个抑制限值,但经过驯化后,仍可获得较好的COD去除效果;当氯离子浓度达到8 000mg/L左右时,COD平均去除率在80%以上.     

酸性条件下厌氧颗粒污泥活性抑制与恢复试验研究

取食品生产废水处理中试工程运行中现有的厌氧颗粒污泥进行活性抑制与恢复试验。通过慢性致毒与急性致毒作用的对比,分析酸性条件对颗粒污泥的抑制作用,研究颗粒污泥的耐酸性,并考察污泥活性恢复方法。结果表明:当进水pH=6.5,颗粒污泥活性受到轻微抑制,不影响系统的稳定运行;当pH值下降至4.5时,COD去除率和产甲烷量均趋于零。同时使用调节进水pH值、降低进水有机负荷、提高进水碱度以及调整水力停留时间等4种方法能有效恢复污泥活性,活性达到抑制前的80%左右。     

抗生素杆菌肽锌对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响

以上海某养鸡场产生的粪便为研究对象,探讨抗生素杆菌肽锌(ZnBc)对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响。结果表明:(1)相比于发酵前的pH,发酵后的pH变化幅度不大,在6.65～7.40变化。(2)氨氮和ZnBc浓度对数(lgc)呈负线性相关,经拟合方程测算出ZnBc对氨氮的半抑制常数(IC50)为15.23mg/L。当ZnBc>5 105mg/L时,氨氮的产生完全受抑制。添加ZnBc对发酵液氨氮的影响极显著。(3)溶解磷(SP)和lgc满足Boltzman方程。添加ZnBc对发酵液SP的影响极显著。(4)ZnBc不仅影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度,还影响VFAs组分。(5)添加ZnBc对发酵液总有机碳(TOC)有极显著影响。(6)相比原鸡粪,发酵后固体有机N、C、H均下降,并分别在ZnBc为0.10、0.01、0.01mg/L时达到最低值,说明鸡粪在厌氧水解酸化过程中固体有机组分向液体转移。     

Heavy metal removal from synthetic wastewaters in an anaerobic bioreactor using stillage from ethanol distilleries as a carbon source

This work was conducted to investigate the possibility of using stillage from ethanol distilleries as substrate for sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) growth and to evaluate the removal efficiency of heavy metals present in wastewaters containing sulfates. The experiments were carried out in a continuous bench-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (13 l) operated with a hydraulic retention time of 18 h. The bioreactor was inoculated with 7 l of anaerobic sludge. Afterwards, an enrichment procedure to increase SRB numbers was started. After this, cadmium and zinc were added to the synthetic wastewater, and their removal as metal sulfide was evaluated. The synthetic wastewater used represented the drainage from a dam of a metallurgical industry to which a carbon source (stillage) was added. The results showed that high percentages of removal (>99%) of Cd and Zn were attained in the bioreactor, and that the removal as sulfide precipitates was not the only form of metal removal occurring in the bioreactor environment.     

Treatment of low-strength soluble wastewater using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)

Treatment of low-strength soluble wastewater (COD approximately 500 mg/L) was studied using an eight chambered anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). At pseudo steady-state (PSS), the average total and soluble COD values (COD(T) and COD(S)) at 8h hydraulic retention time (HRT) were found to be around 50 and 40 mg/L, respectively, while at 10h HRT average COD(T) and COD(S) values were of the order of 47 and 37 mg/L, respectively. COD and BOD (3 day, 27 degrees C) removal averaged more than 90%. Effluent conformed to Indian standards laid down for BOD (less than 30 mg/L). Reactor effluent characteristics exhibited very low values of standard deviation indicating excellent reactor stability at PSS in terms of effluent characteristics. Based on mass balance calculations, more than 60% of raw wastewater COD was estimated to be recovered as CH(4) in the gas phase. Compartment-wise profiles indicated that most of the BOD and COD got reduced in the initial compartments only. Sudden drop in pH (7.8-6.7) and formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (53-85 mg/L) were observed in the first compartment due to acidogenesis and acetogenesis. The pH increased and VFA concentration decreased longitudinally down the reactor. Residence time distribution (RTD) studies revealed that the flow pattern in the ABR was neither completely plug-flow nor perfectly mixed. Observations from scanning electron micrographs (SEM) suggest that distinct phase separation takes place in an ABR.     

污泥处理及有效利用

在调研国内外关于污泥处理及有效利用的文献资料的基础上，分析天津开发区污水处理厂污染特性和成份并进行污泥发醇模拟试验，根据污泥特性并结合开发区土壤理化性质特点，提出开发区污泥处理及有效利用的可行方案。     

城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥化工艺的若干设计方程

二次性好氧堆肥化工艺是基于将堆肥化过程中高温微生物和中温微生物在分开的、各自适宜的环境中 进行不同基质降解和稳定化的一种较新工艺．通过实验，由物料平衡式结合微生物反应动力学 建立了 城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥工艺的若干基本设计方程式：一次发酵阶段的生物降解方程， Ｋ Ａｖ 值高的易降解物具有一级反应的性质，试验求出的比率常数 Ｋｄ 为０１１９ ｄ － １ ；一次 发酵阶段的堆肥减量二元线性方程，减量主要与挥发性固体降解率和水份蒸发量有关；一次 发酵动态反应器容积和二次发酵构筑物有效面积的计算式，计算式主要考虑了减量、容重变化及堆肥返料量的影响；一次发酵阶段所需理论通风量的计算式，通风量主要由微生 物需氧量和水份蒸发量所需的空气量组成，后者需气量往往大于前者，有时高达２ ～６ 倍．     

Evaluation of operational parameters in thermophilic acid fermentation of kitchen waste

In this study, the effect of operational parameters, such as solids retention time (SRT), pH, and substrate total solids (TS) concentration, on acid fermentation efficiency was investigated. From batch tests, it was shown that the appropriate pH range for thermophilic acidogens was around 6–7 and that the optimum pH condition was 6. From the continuous experiment, pH and SRT were shown to be the most important operational parameters for solubilization and organic acid production. In contrast, TS concentration did not show any obvious effect on chromium chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) solubilization when TS was in the range 3.5%–10%. The optimum operational conditions for thermophilic acid fermentation were an SRT of 2 days and a pH of 6. This research was carried as a part of the CREST project of Japan Science and Technology Agency.     

Streptoverticillium mobaraense分批发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶:氨基酸代谢流分析及其初始淀粉浓度的影响

对Streptoverticilliummobaraense分批发酵合成谷氨酰胺转胺酶 (MTG)的氨基酸代谢流分布进行了理论分析 ;通过考察MTG分批发酵过程中的一些参数的变化情况 ,包括菌体干重 (DCW )、MTG酶活及残糖 (RSC)、菌体产率系数、MTG产率系数以及MTG的生产强度等 ,确定了适宜的初始淀粉浓度 ;对MTG发酵过程中氨基酸的代谢流分布进行了计算并作了较详细的分析 .研究结果表明 ,初始淀粉浓度 30g/L较适宜 ,DCW最高达 2 0 .9g/L ,酶活最高可达 2 .8UmL-1,菌体产率系数、MTG产率系数和MTG的生产强度分别为 0 .94g/g、12 5 .4U/g和 5 1.9UL-1h-1.氨基酸代谢流分布表明 ,只要发酵液中游离氨基酸充分 ,则细胞生长和产物形成就会活跃 ,限制细胞生长和产物的一个重要因素可能是MTG对氨基酸氮源的交联行为 ,表明可以采用不同氮源和控制氮源水平的方法改进菌体生长和MTG合成 .图 9表 2参 9